南海北部琼东南海域活动冷泉特征及形成模式   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

杨力  刘斌  徐梦婕  刘胜旋  关永贤  顾元 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):2905-2914

近年来，活动冷泉的研究越来越受到关注.本文利用多波束数据、多道地震数据以及底质取样结果研究琼东南海域活动冷泉系统，分析活动冷泉的羽状流特征、海底地貌与底质特征以及流体活动构造特征.多波束水体数据上，观测到多个延伸高度超过750 m的气泡羽状流，海底流体活动非常强烈；多道地震上识别出麻坑、流体运移通道、气烟囱等流体渗漏相关的构造，与其他海域观测到的反射特征不同，羽状流的下方流体运移通道呈强振幅"串珠"反射；重力活塞取样在两个站位上获得浅表层块状天然气水合物.其中一个站位位于活动冷泉附近，天然气水合物赋存于海底以下8 m左右.基于以上三方面的数据，笔者提出了一个用于描述活动冷泉系统的形成模式，游离气通过气烟囱向上运移到达浅层，一部分在天然气水合物稳定带内形成天然气水合物，另一部分穿透天然气水合物稳定带到达海底，形成活动冷泉的羽状流.  相似文献   

利用重复测线校正海空重力仪格值及试验验证   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

黄谟涛  刘敏  邓凯亮  欧阳永忠  陆秀平  翟国君  吴太旗  陈欣 《地球物理学报》2018,61(8):3160-3169

通过分析海空重力测量系统误差的形成机理，我们发现海空重力仪格值标定误差是引起系统性测量偏差的主要因素之一.本文简要介绍了重力仪格值的标定方法，分析论证了格值标定的精度要求，提出了利用东西正反向重复测线检测校正海空重力仪格值的计算模型和补偿方法，分析讨论了该方法的校正精度及其适用条件，利用航空重力实际观测网数据对该方法的合理性和有效性进行了数值验证，证明该方法对消除海空重力测量系统性偏差具有显著作用.  相似文献   

文莱-沙巴盆地深水褶皱冲断带构造变形特征及成因机制          下载免费PDF全文

唐武  赵志刚  张功成  谢晓军  刘世翔  王一博  宋双  王龙  孙瑞  郭佳 《地球物理学报》2018,61(10):4281-4295

为揭示活动陆缘深水褶皱冲断带的特征及成因，本文利用地震和区域地质资料的综合分析，系统阐述了文莱—沙巴盆地深水褶皱冲断带的构造变形特征，并结合盆地演化动力学特点，探讨其构造变形机制及其对深水区油气成藏的影响.研究结果表明，文莱—沙巴盆地深水褶皱冲断带具有"垂向分期、平面分段"的特点，垂向上，以中中新统底界面为界可划分为下部（始新世-早中新世）和上部（中中新世-现今）两套逆冲褶皱冲断体系，其中下部逆冲褶皱冲断带的形成与古南海的俯冲作用密切相关，上部逆冲褶皱冲断带是中中新世以来三角洲前缘重力滑动与苏禄海扩张造成的区域挤压应力远程效应共同作用的结果，且苏禄海扩张造成的远程挤压效应主控平面上南北段褶皱冲断带变形的差异性，导致北段褶皱变形强度大于南段，具有背斜褶皱数量多、褶皱间距离短、逆冲断层倾角陡的特点，南段反之；且晚上新世以来北段深水区地层缩短量大于陆架区伸展量，两者之差为2~6 km，而南段两者相当，仅受三角洲前缘重力滑动影响.整个褶皱冲断带发育断弯、断展、断滑褶皱等3种断层相关褶皱以及叠瓦扇和冲起构造2种逆冲构造组合，是多期NW向挤压应力作用下形成的大型逆冲推覆构造，以前展式向盆地扩展.此外，由于中中新世以来逆冲断层的持续活动，研究区深水褶皱冲断带发育众多构造圈闭，油气成藏条件优越，且南段优于北段，靠近陆坡的近端优于远端，可作为勘探部署重点.  相似文献   

东海蛾螺属二新记录种(腹足纲,蛾螺科)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张树乾  张素萍  王洋 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(1):96-98

在整理近年来东海采集的蛾螺科Buccinidae标本时,鉴定出属于蛾螺属Buccinum Linnaeus,1758的两个中国新记录种:(1)白肋蛾螺Buccinum leucostoma Lischke,1872,采自于东海300—400m深的泥沙质海底;(2)古式蛾螺Buccinum koshikinum Okutani,1988采自于东海400m深的泥沙质海底。文中分别对这两个新记录种的形态特征、生活习性等进行了描述,并与相似种进行了分类学讨论。此外,文中还列出了中国海已报道的其他蛾螺属种类。  相似文献   

基于波形拟合的中国东海地区410 km间断面附近速度结构研究          下载免费PDF全文

李文兰  魏荣强  崔清辉  高雅健  周元泽 《地球物理学报》2018,61(1):150-160

410 km间断面是地幔转换带的顶界面，对其速度结构和起伏形态开展地震学探测有助于认识地球内部物质组成和相关的地球动力学过程.本文选取了由中国数字地震台网记录到的位于琉球俯冲区的一个中源地震P波宽频带波形资料，利用三重震相波形拟合研究了中国东海地区410 km间断面附近的精细速度结构.结果表明：中国东海地区下方410 km间断面整体表现为一尖锐的速度界面且有8~15 km的小幅抬升；该间断面之上存在52~62 km厚的低速层，其P波速度降低0.5%~1.6%；440 km深度以下存在1.0%~3.0%的P波高速异常.结合前人在该地区的层析成像结果，我们推测该高速异常体与西太平洋俯冲板片在中国东海地区地幔转换带内的滞留有关；板片内水相E分解使得转换带内水含量增加，这引发了410 km间断面的抬升；410 km间断面之上的低速层应与含水矿物脱水导致的地幔橄榄岩部分熔融有关.  相似文献   

基于背景噪声研究青藏高原东北缘瑞利波相速度和方位各向异性   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

王琼  高原 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):2760-2775

本研究收集了甘肃、青海、宁夏等118个宽频带数字地震台站的连续波形资料，利用噪声互相关，经过计算和筛选，在5~38 s范围内，共得到5773条瑞利波相速度频散曲线.然后采用1°×1°的网格划分，反演获得青藏高原东北缘相速度和方位各向异性分布.结果表明：短周期8~12 s内，鄂尔多斯从低速异常变为高速异常；该周期范围内各向异性结果与区域断裂走向有很好的一致性.18~25 s周期内，祁连地块、松潘-甘孜地块、羌塘地块低速异常范围逐渐变大，随周期增加地壳低速异常与人工探测结果相符；鄂尔多斯表现为速度随周期增加逐渐变大，说明其中下地壳速度相对偏高，不存在低速异常；该周期范围内的各向异性特征表现为，祁连地块和松潘甘孜地块大致呈NW-SE方向，而青藏高原内部快波方向显示了顺时针旋转的形态.在30~35 s范围内面波速度主要受莫霍面深度和莫霍面附近介质速度的影响，与地壳厚度分布有非常好的吻合.综合不同方法获得的各向异性研究结果，支持印度-欧亚板块的碰撞使青藏高原东北缘地壳发生缩短和逐渐隆升的观点，认为整个岩石圈的垂直缩短变形是青藏高原东北缘的主要形成机制.  相似文献   

A regime shift in sediment export from a coastal watershed during a record wet winter,California: Implications for landscape response to hydroclimatic extremes          下载免费PDF全文

Amy E. East  Andrew W. Stevens  Andrew C. Ritchie  Patrick L. Barnard  Pamela Campbell‐Swarzenski  Brian D. Collins  Christopher H. Conaway 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(12):2562-2577

Small, steep watersheds are prolific sediment sources from which sediment flux is highly sensitive to climatic changes. Storm intensity and frequency are widely expected to increase during the 21st century, and so assessing the response of small, steep watersheds to extreme rainfall is essential to understanding landscape response to climate change. During record winter rainfall in 2016–2017, the San Lorenzo River, coastal California, had nine flow peaks representing 2–10‐year flood magnitudes. By the third flood, fluvial suspended sediment showed a regime shift to greater and coarser sediment supply, coincident with numerous landslides in the watershed. Even with no singular catastrophic flood, these flows exported more than half as much sediment as had a 100‐year flood 35 years earlier, substantially enlarging the nearshore delta. Annual sediment load in 2017 was an order of magnitude greater than during an average‐rainfall year, and 500‐fold greater than in a recent drought. These anomalous sediment inputs are critical to the coastal littoral system, delivering enough sediment, sometimes over only a few days, to maintain beaches for several years. Future projections of megadroughts punctuated by major atmospheric‐river storm activity suggest that interannual sediment‐yield variations will become more extreme than today in the western USA, with potential consequences for coastal management, ecosystems, and water‐storage capacity. The occurrence of two years with major sediment export over the past 35 years that were not associated with extremes of the El Niño Southern Oscillation or Pacific Decadal Oscillation suggests caution in interpreting climatic signals from marine sedimentary deposits derived from small, steep, coastal watersheds, to avoid misinterpreting the frequencies of those cycles. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.  相似文献   

The effects of initial soil moisture conditions on swale flow hydrographs          下载免费PDF全文

Hendrik Rujner  Günther Leonhardt  Jiri Marsalek  Anna‐Maria Perttu  Maria Viklander 《水文研究》2018,32(5):644-654

The effects of soil water content (SWC) on the formation of run‐off in grass swales draining into a storm sewer system were studied in two 30‐m test swales with trapezoidal cross sections. Swale 1 was built in a loamy fine‐sand soil, on a slope of 1.5%, and Swale 2 was built in a sandy loam soil, on a slope of 0.7%. In experimental runs, the swales were irrigated with 2 flow rates reproducing run‐off from block rainfalls with intensities approximately corresponding to 2‐month and 3‐year events. Run‐off experiments were conducted for initial SWC (SWC_ini) ranging from 0.18 to 0.43 m³/m³. For low SWC_ini, the run‐off volume was greatly reduced by up to 82%, but at high SWC_ini, the volume reduction was as low as 15%. The relative swale flow volume reductions decreased with increasing SWC_ini and, for the conditions studied, indicated a transition of the dominating swale functions from run‐off dissipation to conveyance. Run‐off flow peaks were reduced proportionally to the flow volume reductions, in the range from 4% to 55%. The swale outflow hydrograph lag times varied from 5 to 15 min, with the high values corresponding to low SWC_ini. Analysis of swale inflow/outflow hydrographs for high SWC_ini allowed estimations of the saturated hydraulic conductivities as 3.27 and 4.84 cm/hr in Swales 1 and 2, respectively. Such estimates differed from averages (N = 9) of double‐ring infiltrometer measurements (9.41 and 1.78 cm/hr). Irregularities in swale bottom slopes created bottom surface depression storage of 0.35 and 0.61 m³ for Swales 1 and 2, respectively, and functioned similarly as check berms contributing to run‐off attenuation. The experimental findings offer implications for drainage swale planning and design: (a) SWC_ini strongly affect swale functioning in run‐off dissipation and conveyance during the early phase of run‐off, which is particularly important for design storms and their antecedent moisture conditions, and (b) concerning the longevity of swale operation, Swale 1 remains fully functional even after almost 60 years of operation, as judged from its attractive appearance, good infiltration rates (3.27 cm/hr), and high flow capacity.  相似文献   

Study on the Moment Magnitude of Small and Moderate Earthquakes Located in the Inner Mongolia Region     

Liu Fang  Zhang Fan  Li Bin  Na Re 《中国地震研究》2018,32(1):53-63

Based on digital seismic waveform data from Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network, the source spectrum parameters of 182 small and moderate earthquakes from January, 2009 to September, 2016 are derived, and the seismic moment M₀ and moment magnitude M_W of the earthquakes are calculated. The M_L-M_W relationship and the relationship between stress drop and magnitude are obtained using the linear regression method. It is clear that incorporating the moment magnitude into the seismic quick report catalog and the official earthquake catalog can enrich earthquake observation report content, thus providing better service for earthquake emergency and earthquake scientific research.  相似文献   

Soil erosion in the Anthropocene: Research needs   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

Jean Poesen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(1):64-84

Soil erosion is a geomorphological and, at the same time, a land degradation process that may cause environmental and property damage, loss of livelihoods and services as well as social and economic disruption. Erosion not only lowers soil quality on‐site, but causes also significant sediment‐related problems off‐site. Given the large number of research papers on this topic, one might therefore conclude that we know now almost everything about soil erosion and its control so that little new knowledge can be added. This conclusion can be refuted by pointing to some major research gaps. There is a need for more research attention to (1) improved understanding of both natural and anthropogenic soil erosion processes and their interactions, (2) scaling up soil erosion processes and rates in space and time, and (3) innovative techniques and strategies to prevent soil erosion or reduce erosion rates. This is illustrated with various case studies from around the world. If future research addresses these research gaps, we will (1) better understand processes and their interactions operating at a range of spatial and temporal scales, predict their rates as well as their on‐site and off‐site impacts, which is academically spoken rewarding but also crucial for better targeting erosion control measures, and (2) we will be in a better position to select the most appropriate and effective soil erosion control techniques and strategies which are highly necessary for a sustainable use of soils in the Anthropocene. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献